🔢 Math and Unit Conversion

Free Math Calculators and Unit Converters: 110 Tools, No Signup

Convert any measurement, calculate percentages, split bills, track business days, and solve everyday math problems. Every tool is built for US units, works on any device, and gives instant results.

110 Free Tools US Customary and Metric No Account Needed Mobile Friendly Instant Results Updated for 2025
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What Makes a Reliable Unit Converter?

A unit converter is a mathematical tool that transforms a measurement expressed in one unit into its exact equivalent in another unit by applying a precise, internationally defined conversion factor. For instance, one inch equals exactly 2.54 centimeters by definition set by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Multiply any inch value by 2.54 and you always get the correct centimeter result, without rounding error.

The United States operates on a dual measurement system. Day-to-day American life runs on US customary units including inches, feet, yards, miles, pounds, ounces, gallons, quarts, and Fahrenheit. Science, medicine, engineering, and international trade use the metric system: centimeters, kilograms, liters, and Celsius. Americans navigate between both systems constantly, whether reading a German appliance manual, filling a prescription measured in milligrams, or comparing tire sizes between domestic and imported vehicles.

A trustworthy converter uses the exact internationally ratified conversion factor, not a rounded approximation. It also explains what the numbers mean in real terms, because raw digits without context are only half the answer.

Official US measurement standards: The NIST Office of Weights and Measures maintains the official US customary and metric conversion factors used by all tools on this page. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) sets the global SI (metric) definitions.

The Dual Measurement Reality in American Life

Most Americans learn imperial units at home and metric units in school science classes, which means both systems show up in everyday tasks. A carpenter in Houston measures lumber in feet and inches but reads European hardware specs in millimeters. A home cook in Chicago follows a recipe in cups and tablespoons but buys bulk ingredients labeled in grams. A trucking dispatcher in Atlanta weighs loads in short tons but fills out customs paperwork in metric tons for a Canadian shipment crossing the border.

The 110 tools in this hub cover every conversion that comes up in those daily situations. They are organized into 11 categories below, from cooking volume and distance to temperature and air pressure.

Category 4 of 11

Time, Date, and Payroll Calculators

Nine tools covering the scheduling and payroll math that comes up in every US workplace, from tracking a contract deadline to converting hours and minutes into decimal time for a timesheet. The business days calculator includes all 11 US federal holidays recognized by the Office of Personnel Management.

US federal holiday source: Business days are calculated using the official holiday schedule from the US Office of Personnel Management, which governs when federal agencies and most private employers observe national holidays.
Category 5 of 11

Length Converters: Imperial to Metric and Specialty Units

Twenty-two length conversion tools covering every combination Americans actually need, from the everyday (inches to centimeters) to the specialized (furlongs to miles for horse racing, nautical miles for boating, light-years for astronomy). Every conversion uses the exact NIST-defined factor.

📐Inches to CM1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly, the most-searched unit conversion 📏CM to InchesConvert centimeters to inches for clothing, screens, and parts 👣Feet to Meters1 foot = 0.3048 m, used in construction and aviation 📏Meters to FeetConvert metric building plans to US customary feet 🛣️Miles to Kilometers1 US mile = 1.60934 km, for road trips and race distances 🛣️Kilometers to MilesConvert foreign road distances to familiar US miles Yards to MetersFootball fields, fabric bolts, and swimming pools 📏Meters to YardsCompare metric pool lengths to US yard-based lanes 🔧MM to InchesRead metric wrenches, drill bits, and hardware in inches 🔩Inches to MMConvert inch measurements to millimeters for engineering 📐Feet and Inches to CMEnter a US height like 5 ft 11 in, get centimeters 📏CM to Feet and InchesConvert metric height to the US format with feet and inches 📐Feet to Inches12 inches per foot, for measuring rooms and materials 👣Yards to Feet3 feet per yard, used in fabric stores and field sports 🛣️Miles to Feet5,280 feet per mile, used in engineering and surveying 👣Feet to MilesConvert large foot measurements to miles for project planning 🔧Fractional Inches to MMConvert 3/8 in, 5/16 in, and other fractions to millimeters 🔩MM to Fractional InchesFind the nearest standard US fraction for any mm measurement Light-Years to MilesOne light-year equals about 5.88 trillion miles Nautical Miles to Miles1 nautical mile = 1.15078 statute miles, for boating and aviation 🚢Miles to Nautical MilesConvert highway miles to nautical for marine navigation 🏇Furlongs to Miles8 furlongs per mile, used in US horse racing and older surveys
Category 6 of 11

How Americans Convert Weight Between Pounds, Kilograms, and Tons

Fifteen weight conversion tools spanning everything from milligrams for medication doses to short tons for trucking and freight. The US uses pounds and ounces for everyday weight, but medicine uses milligrams, international grocery labels use grams, and shipping often requires kilograms or metric tons for customs declarations.

Weight standards: All conversion factors follow NIST Handbook 44, the official US standard for weights and measures used by every scale manufacturer and state weights-and-measures inspector.
Category 7 of 11

Volume Converters: Gallons, Liters, and Cubic Measurements

Sixteen volume tools handling the full range of US and metric liquid and dry volume units, plus cubic measurements for tanks, pools, and shipping containers. The US gallon (3.785 liters) differs from the UK imperial gallon (4.546 liters), so all tools on this page use the US definition.

Category 9 of 11

Temperature Converters

Three tools covering every temperature scale Americans use. Fahrenheit appears in daily weather, cooking, and home heating in the US. Celsius appears in science, medicine, and every other country in the world. Kelvin is used in chemistry, physics, and astrophysics where absolute temperature matters.

Common TemperatureFahrenheit (US)CelsiusKelvin
Absolute zero-459.67 F-273.15 C0 K
Water freezes32 F0 C273.15 K
Normal body temp98.6 F37 C310.15 K
Water boils (sea level)212 F100 C373.15 K
Oven at 350 degrees350 F176.7 C449.8 K
Category 10 of 11

Speed and Pressure Unit Converters

Seven tools for speed and pressure conversions used in transportation, aviation, weather, and automotive maintenance. The US uses MPH for road speed and PSI for tire pressure. Aviation uses knots. Science and weather reporting use metric. This set covers every combination.

Category 11 of 11

Time Unit Converters

Three tools for simple time unit math: converting hours to minutes, weeks to days, and clock time to decimal hours. These come up constantly in payroll, project management, and scheduling, where software often requires decimal hours while people think in hours and minutes.

How to Get the Most Accurate Results From These Tools

Every tool on this hub uses internationally ratified conversion factors, not approximations. Here is how to use them for the best results in practical situations.

Pick the right category

Use the quick-jump menu at the top of this page to land directly on the tool type you need. Weight tools are separate from volume tools, because a pound of water and a pint of water are completely different measurements even though people mix them up constantly.

Enter the exact number from your source

Do not round before converting. If your tape measure shows 5 feet 7 and 3/8 inches, enter that exact fraction into the Feet and Inches to CM converter. Rounding first compounds the error through the conversion factor.

Check which gallon or ton you are working with

The US gallon (3.785 L) and the UK imperial gallon (4.546 L) are different. The US short ton (2,000 lbs) and the metric ton (2,204.6 lbs) are different. All tools here use US definitions unless the name says otherwise.

Use the companion tool for double-checking

Each category includes both directions of the conversion. After converting inches to centimeters, use the CM to Inches tool to confirm you get your original number back. A result that does not reverse cleanly signals a data entry error, not a math error.

Related Calculator Hubs That Use Math Every Day

Unit conversion and percentage math are foundations for dozens of specialized fields. These hubs apply the same math principles to specific American industries and activities.

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Kitchen and Food Calculators
37 tools for scaling recipes, calculating servings per person, converting cooking measurements, and planning party quantities in US cups and ounces.
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Education Calculators
Grade calculators, GPA tools, test score converters, and academic math tools built around the US letter grade system and standard American grading scales.
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Auto Calculators
Fuel economy, loan payments, depreciation, tire size, and horsepower converters. Speed and distance math applied to US vehicles and American driving.
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Health Calculators
BMI, calorie burn, medication dose, and body measurement tools. Many use the same weight and length conversions available in the math hub but applied to clinical thresholds.
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DIY and Home Improvement Calculators
Paint coverage, flooring square footage, lumber board feet, concrete yardage, and more. Area and volume math applied to real US home projects.
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Solar Energy Calculators
Watt-hours, kilowatt conversion, battery backup sizing, and solar panel ROI. Energy math built around US utility rates and standard 120V/240V American power systems.
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Sports Calculators
Running pace, swim splits, golf handicap, and athletic performance tools. Speed, distance, and time math designed around US race formats and standard American sports measurements.
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Brewing Calculators
Gravity, ABV, hop utilization, water chemistry, and batch volume tools for US homebrewers working in gallons, ounces, and Fahrenheit. Closely related to the volume converters in this hub.

Frequently Asked Questions About Unit Conversion and Everyday Math

What is the difference between US customary units and metric units?
US customary units are the measurement system used in everyday American life: inches, feet, yards, miles for length; ounces, pounds, and short tons for weight; teaspoons, cups, quarts, and gallons for volume; and Fahrenheit for temperature. The metric system, also called SI (International System of Units), is used by every other country and in all scientific fields: centimeters, meters, kilometers for length; grams and kilograms for weight; milliliters and liters for volume; Celsius and Kelvin for temperature. The US uses both systems, which is why conversion tools get used constantly. The official NIST page on metric explains the relationship between the two systems and why both remain in use in the United States.
How do I convert inches to centimeters?
Multiply the number of inches by 2.54. This is the exact conversion, not an approximation. One inch equals exactly 2.54 centimeters by the 1959 international yard and pound agreement signed by the US, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. For example: 6 inches x 2.54 = 15.24 cm. A person who is 6 feet tall (72 inches) is 72 x 2.54 = 182.88 cm, which rounds to 183 cm on international medical forms. Use the Inches to CM Converter for any value.
How do I convert pounds to kilograms?
Multiply the number of pounds by 0.45359237. One pound equals exactly 0.45359237 kilograms by the same 1959 international agreement that defined the inch. For everyday use, 0.4536 is close enough. A 200-pound person weighs 200 x 0.4536 = 90.72 kg. A 50-pound bag of dog food is about 22.68 kg. Many gym machines and fitness apps in the US now display both lbs and kg, and this conversion is the link between them.
How do I calculate a percentage increase?
Use this formula: Percentage Increase = ((New Value – Original Value) / Original Value) x 100. For example, if your rent went from $1,400 to $1,600 per month, the increase is ($1,600 – $1,400) / $1,400 x 100 = 14.29%. If your salary went from $65,000 to $72,000, that is a 10.77% raise. The Percentage Increase Calculator does this in one click, and it also shows you the raw dollar difference alongside the percentage.
What is the difference between gross margin and markup?
Margin measures profit as a percentage of the selling price. Markup measures the amount added to cost as a percentage of the cost. Both start from the same numbers but produce different percentages. If you buy an item for $60 and sell it for $100, the profit is $40. The markup is $40 / $60 x 100 = 66.7%. The margin is $40 / $100 x 100 = 40%. Retailers typically talk in margin. Manufacturers often talk in markup. The Margin Calculator and Markup Calculator on this hub calculate both directions: enter cost and selling price to get either one.
How many tablespoons are in a cup?
There are 16 tablespoons in one US cup. This means half a cup is 8 tablespoons, a quarter cup is 4 tablespoons, and a third of a cup is approximately 5 tablespoons and 1 teaspoon (since 1/3 of 16 is not a whole number). These relationships come up constantly when scaling down recipes. If a recipe calls for 3 tablespoons of butter, that is slightly less than a quarter cup, which helps when you only have a measuring cup available.
How do I convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?
Subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit reading, then multiply by 5/9. The formula is: C = (F – 32) x 5/9. For example, a typical summer day at 90 F is (90 – 32) x 5/9 = 58 x 0.5556 = 32.2 C. Normal body temperature is 98.6 F, which is (98.6 – 32) x 5/9 = 37 C exactly. An oven set to 350 F is 176.7 C. To go in reverse, multiply Celsius by 9/5 and add 32.
How do I convert miles to kilometers?
Multiply the number of miles by 1.609344. One US statute mile equals exactly 1.609344 kilometers. A common 5K race is 3.107 miles. A 10K is 6.214 miles. A marathon at 26.2 miles equals 42.195 km. If you are driving from Atlanta to Nashville, 250 miles is 402.3 km. The Miles to KM Converter on this hub handles any distance and shows both the exact and rounded results.
How do business day calculators handle federal holidays?
Business day calculators exclude Saturdays, Sundays, and the 11 US federal holidays established by Title 5 of the US Code: New Year’s Day (January 1), Martin Luther King Jr. Day (third Monday in January), Presidents Day (third Monday in February), Memorial Day (last Monday in May), Juneteenth (June 19), Independence Day (July 4), Labor Day (first Monday in September), Columbus Day (second Monday in October), Veterans Day (November 11), Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November), and Christmas (December 25). When a holiday falls on a Saturday, the preceding Friday is observed. When it falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is observed.
What is the difference between a US gallon and a UK imperial gallon?
A US liquid gallon equals 3.78541 liters. A UK imperial gallon equals 4.54609 liters. The UK gallon is about 20% larger. This difference matters when reading British recipes, filling a fuel tank on a UK-spec vehicle, or comparing fuel economy figures from British car reviews. All gallon conversion tools on this hub use the US gallon definition. The US gallon traces back to the old English wine gallon, while the UK later redefined their gallon around water weight.
How do I convert square feet to acres?
Divide the number of square feet by 43,560. One acre equals exactly 43,560 square feet, which is a historical measurement defined as one furlong (660 feet) by one chain (66 feet). A typical US residential lot in the suburbs is about 10,000 to 15,000 square feet, which is 0.23 to 0.34 acres. A one-acre lot is a generous property in most US suburbs. The Square Feet to Acres Converter works for any land size, from small backyard plots to large ranches.
How do I split a restaurant bill with tip?
The most reliable method: take the pre-tax total, calculate the tip on it (multiply by 0.18 for 18%, 0.20 for 20%, etc.), add that tip to the pre-tax amount, then divide by the number of people. If four people run up a $120 pre-tax tab and want to leave 20%, the math is $120 x 1.20 = $144 total divided by 4 = $36 per person. The Tip Calculator and Bill Splitter on this hub also handles unequal splits where one person ordered significantly more than others.
What is a nautical mile and why is it different from a regular mile?
One nautical mile equals exactly 1,852 meters, or about 1.15078 US statute miles. The nautical mile is based on Earth’s geometry: one nautical mile corresponds to one minute of arc (1/60 of a degree) along a great circle of the Earth. This makes chart plotting and navigation calculations much simpler on a sphere, because latitude and longitude lines directly translate to distance. Pilots, sailors, and air traffic controllers use nautical miles and knots (nautical miles per hour) worldwide, while road signs use statute miles (for most countries) or kilometers.
How do I convert timesheet hours and minutes to decimal format?
Divide the minutes by 60 and add the result to the whole hours. For example, 7 hours and 45 minutes becomes 7 + (45/60) = 7 + 0.75 = 7.75 hours. Most payroll software, from ADP to QuickBooks, requires decimal hours rather than hours:minutes format. The Timesheet Decimal Converter on this hub handles any combination of hours and minutes and shows the decimal result instantly.
What is the difference between PSI, bar, and kPa for tire pressure?
All three measure pressure but use different scales. PSI (pounds per square inch) is the US standard: most American passenger car tires run at 32 to 35 PSI. Bar is the European standard: 32 PSI equals about 2.21 bar. kPa (kilopascals) is the metric SI unit: 32 PSI equals about 220 kPa. Your door jamb sticker shows PSI in the US, but European vehicles and many gas station air pumps worldwide use bar or kPa. The PSI to Bar Converter and kPa to PSI Converter on this hub make these cross-checks instant.
How do I convert US short tons to metric tons?
Multiply US short tons by 0.907185. One US short ton equals 2,000 pounds, which is 907.185 kilograms, which is 0.907185 metric tons. To go the other direction, multiply metric tons by 1.10231 to get short tons. This conversion matters in trucking, steel purchasing, agricultural commodity trading, and international shipping. A semi-truck in the US with a maximum gross weight of 80,000 lbs is carrying about 40 short tons, or 36.3 metric tons.
How do I convert Celsius to Kelvin?
Add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature. Kelvin uses the same degree size as Celsius, but its zero point is absolute zero, the coldest theoretically possible temperature where all molecular motion stops. Zero Celsius (water’s freezing point) equals 273.15 K. Room temperature at 22 C equals 295.15 K. A chemistry class uses Kelvin when applying the Ideal Gas Law (PV = nRT) because the math only works correctly with absolute temperature. The Fahrenheit to Kelvin Converter goes directly from US customary to Kelvin in one step.

110 Free Math Tools, All in One Place

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